Twice a year, tropical cyclones occur on the southern coast of Bangladesh. Sometimes they cause casualties. Occasionally, they will change the course of history. On November 12, 1970, one such cyclone made landfall 60 miles west of Chittagong. This is the story of Hurricane Bora.

Thursday, November 12, 1970, Bay of Bengal

The heat transfer system of the earth makes possible a wide variety of life on the earth. The atmosphere transfers heat by blowing cold wind from north to south and hot wind from south to north. The ocean transfers heat through underwater ocean currents, storms and cyclones.

When the warm ocean air rises, the air pressure on the ocean surface drops and the wind increases. The wind speed rises faster over the open sea with no obstacles. Sometimes, the wind will be hit by the offset system and then gradually weaken. At other times, as the ocean produces more and more warm and humid air on its surface, a chain reaction begins to form, forming storms.

If this happens more than 500 miles from the equator, the rotation of the earth will cause the wind to rotate, creating a cyclone.

The water follows the wind. In the open ocean, the wind moves the water below the surface in the current, which may produce small waves. However, when the wind came ashore and reached the shoal, the water below the surface had nowhere to go and could only go upwards. Caught in a storm surge.

The height of the storm surge depends on the angle at which the storm or cyclone approaches the coastline, and whether the tide is low or flowing. The higher the inclination of the continental shelf away from the coast, the more the shape of the coast resembles a funnel. Take the Bay of Bengal.

On chars, the flat islands at the mouth of the bay are formed by the ebb and flow of tides caused by the silt deposited in the estuary. When a cyclone hits, most residents have two good choices: evacuate or take refuge in a hurricane shelter. In remote areas where evacuation is difficult, there is only one good choice.

After a hurricane in the Gulf in 1960, it was recommended that the Pakistani government build hurricane shelters in coastal areas. Few (if any) such shelters are built. 

Satellite images of Cyclone Bhola are in the Bay of Bengal, and November may be the cruelest month. The hurricane of November 1876 may have claimed 400,000 lives. Ninety-four years later, sometime during the first week of November 1970, a wind blew over the Malay Strait. They formed a tropical storm and then a cyclone. Follow the funnel of the Bay of Bengal.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the United States has issued warnings to the Pakistan Meteorological Administration on many occasions: a cyclone has formed and is heading towards East Pakistan. Has the Pakistan Meteorological Service issued warnings to coastal communities in the Bay of Bengal? If they do, no one on the island will hear it.

Cyclone Bora made landfall 60 miles west of Chittagong on the evening of November 12. At high tide. The wind came first, with gusts of up to one hundred and forty miles per hour. Then came the storm surge. When it reached the shoreline, the black wave was thirty feet high.

Black waves engulfed charcoal fires, fragile thatched huts, rice fields and wells. It swallowed tenant farmers, seasonal harvesters, fishermen, their wives and children, crawling out of their rickety beds. It devours their chicken coop, goats and cows, and everything they have. Instantly and forever change the lives of men, women and children, who risk all dangers to live on matches.

There was no warning, no shelter, and nowhere to escape. 

Archer Brad, the U.S. Consul General in Dhaka, poured some coffee and picked up the morning paper. "When the hurricane hits the coastal areas, hundreds of people are worried about death," the headline of the Pakistan Observer reads. It was a Saturday morning, but he did not risk it. When Brad arrived, Eric Griffier, the local mission director of the United States Agency for International Development, was already at Damondi’s consulate. They started calling. They need to grasp the scale of destruction and loss of life. They are expected to inform the U.S. State Department of the situation and guide the U.S. government’s response.

Blood and Griffin were puzzled. If the Pakistani government is repeatedly warned, what else are people doing on these islands? Haven't they been warned? Surely a hurricane shelter was built in one of the most hurricane-prone places in the world?

By Monday, the Americans had established an organizational structure for response measures. Blood and Griffel will manage the working group in Dhaka; the AID Disaster Relief Department of the State Department in Washington, DC will coordinate air operations and act as a clearing house.

According to a report from the Pakistan Observer on Monday, the Pakistani government formed a disaster relief team over the weekend. Medical teams have been sent to remote areas hit by the hurricane, and naval ships and military helicopters are distributing relief supplies to survivors.

It didn't take long for Americans to realize that this was not the case. The Pakistani authorities did not make an obvious response. Obviously, the loss of life caused by this cyclone will be worse than in 1960. Worse.

Blood contacted the US Embassy in Islamabad. The ambassador needs to arrive in Dhaka as soon as possible.

East Pakistan airspace on Monday, November 16, 1970

General Yahya Khan, President of Pakistan, looks out from the cabin window. They will now leave China's airspace at any time. What a pleasant trip this is. Chinese media called it a "major event."

This is one of the grandest welcomes to foreign heads of state in history. Zhou Enlai personally greeted him at the airport. Hundreds of thousands of people lined up on the road to Beijing, with Pakistani songs playing on the speakers. In this city, few leaders will receive such a gift: a parade for him in the vast Tiananmen Square in Tiananmen Square.

The trip was a great success. The weapons they received from Beijing in the past four years were equipped with three Pakistani Army divisions, excluding tanks and anti-aircraft guns, and MIG-19 made in China. But they need more weapons. Under conditions they can afford. Ye Haiya has already got them.

To be sure, Pakistan’s military assembly took longer than the military leadership hoped, but what can they do? Since the arms embargo imposed by the United States and Britain on Pakistan still exists, Russia provides weapons to India, and China is one of the few options left to them.

Of course, the real reason for the grand welcome is a closely guarded secret. Outside the Chinese leader, only four people in the world know this. No one, including the media, or even the US State Department, has no clues. Only Nixon, his national security adviser Henry Kissinger, Pakistan's ambassador to the United States Agahilali and Yahya knew this.

The United States has no diplomatic relations with China, so Nixon needed an intermediary. Yahya is the ideal choice: the leader of a military regime allied with the United States during the Cold War, bordering China in a country that relies on foreign aid and shortfalls in foreign weapons.

Kissinger first contacted Yahya in 1969. President Nixon would be very grateful for helping me visit China and meet their leaders in absolute confidentiality, Kissinger whispered. Yahya does not need a second invitation.

The Americans call it Operation Marco Polo. Kissinger's secret visit to Beijing will be the first visit to communist China by a US cabinet-level government official. Yahya is the one commissioned by the most powerful country on earth to arrange its work. When the purpose of the meeting is revealed, a meeting that will shock the world. But that is in the future.

Now, Ye Haiya has some good news to convey to his head in the White House: Beijing has approved the plan. Kissinger will travel to Asia next summer, the last stop is Pakistan. When Kissinger flies to Beijing alone, Yahya will provide cover. As far as the world is concerned, Kissinger will recover from a round of food poisoning in Yahya’s shelter in the hills above Islamabad. No one can know the truth. Not even their own government.

Yahya counted on Nixon to express gratitude for his service and express gratitude in the form of money and weapons. Embargo or no embargo. Dollars and potential American fighter jets. Oh, back to Pindi, the boys in uniform will love it. After a large-scale storm hit South Asia in November 1970, the survivors of Hurricane Bohla began to clean up in East Pakistan. The cyclone on the coast, obviously. He is expected to check the disaster and make some kind of statement. Well, it's hurricane season after all; what do they expect? East Pakistan has a provincial government, doesn't it? What does this have to do with him?

When Yahya landed in Dhaka, East Pakistan Governor Asam and Relief Commissioner Anisuzaman were waiting for Yahya. Helicopters will be the best way to inspect the disaster site. Yahya said this will take a long time. When the three of them flew over the disaster area, Ye Haiya looked down at the endless water. It is difficult to see things clearly in the air at three thousand feet. What is that, a cow? Who knew they could float like this?

The plane tilted north and returned to Dhaka. The press is waiting. He told them that he was very sorry for what had happened. I have instructed the governor and the relief commissioner to spare no effort to help the victims. But it doesn't look too bad. After speaking, he climbed back into the jet plane. There are many celebrations to do. Peerzada and the boys are waiting for him. But why wait? He poured himself a glass of Scotch and sat down on his seat.

The presidential plane accelerated on the runway, took off, and then disappeared from sight. In ten days, the president of the country will appear in the disaster-stricken provinces again.

The US Ambassador to Pakistan Joseph S. Farland went to the Consul General's residence in Dhanmondi. The State Council decided to organize airlifts of the US military to the disaster area. He needs to monitor operations in the province.

The floods blocked roads and railway lines, leaving millions of people on the coast without enough food, drinking water, clothing and medical supplies. Since there are no normal operating roads or runways, the only way to reach them is by helicopter. East Pakistan has four Pakistani government helicopters, but only one is working. Finding a helicopter is the top priority.

The second incident has little to do with the survivors. The world media is going straight to East Pakistan. They asked obvious questions, if it was inconvenient.

Why didn't the Pakistani army be mobilized to provide disaster relief for its citizens? Why are Pakistani military helicopters not sent from western Pakistan to eastern provinces? The United States had previously provided the Pakistani government with a C-141 military cargo aircraft designed for missions such as airlifting helicopters, right?

The Pakistani regime replied that it is too expensive and impractical to transport helicopters from one province to another, especially when Pakistani aircraft are prohibited from flying over Indian airspace. Other countries can certainly provide helicopters for rescue operations. The State Department said nothing.

More questions from the media. Why did the Americans send helicopters to East Pakistan from an air base in North Carolina on the other side of the globe? There are US helicopters in neighboring Southeast Asian countries, hundreds of which are in Vietnam. Isn't that faster? The State Department issued instructions to staff: Tell anyone who requests that the dispatch of helicopters from the United States is actually more efficient.

To make matters worse, the media reported that the helicopters already provided by the United States have not yet been deployed because the Pakistani government insists that only their military pilots can fly them. Coupled with the regime’s refusal to send their own helicopters from West Pakistan, this does not look good at all.

The United States is caught in a firefight between the international media and the Yahya regime in disaster response. The telegram sent by the State Council to Dhaka became more and more exciting. Washington complained that we were accused by the press here as a response from the Pakistani government. They begged and urged the Pakistani authorities to take more action and ensure that the US rescue efforts receive positive news coverage.

Flanders and the State Department did their best to refute the story of the helicopter pilot. The Pakistani Ministry of Foreign Affairs stepped in. They claim that we have never made any such requests. Obviously, this is an unfortunate misunderstanding. It was the British who were required to hand over their military helicopters to the Pakistani pilots, not the Americans. Two days later, the first batch of American helicopters began airlift operations.

The US government is in trouble. The more the United States does disaster relief work, the more problems they will create for the military regimes that are allied with it. Especially in East Pakistan.

Jon and Candy Rohde got out of the plane and came to the landing runway of Chittagong Airport. This is the airport closest to the devastating natural disaster, but the only sign of activity, apart from other passengers from Dhaka meandering into the airport to arrive at the airport, it was the two pilots loading bags of food into their single-engine Pilatus Spot crop duster.

The storm destroyed countless offshore islands, destroyed entire villages and destroyed crops and livestock

The American couple strode across the landing strip and towards the small plane. The pilots introduced themselves as Noel Kinvig and Bill Sharp. Bill and I flew over the disaster area immediately after the hurricane hit, and Noel informed them. People in remote areas are in poor health. Therefore, we asked our employers if they could suspend crop spraying and instead provide food to the survivors, he continued. So far, we are the only people who have flown to the disaster site from here.

The next morning, Jon was riding in the cold cabin, and Noel tilted the small plane on the charcoal, only twenty feet away from the flat rice field. Every time he shouted "Now!" Jon kicked another eighty-pound sack of grain from the cockpit. They must fly low, otherwise more sacks will burst upon impact. Noel must be careful not to drop the sacks on others; it will be fatal. In many ways, this is a rough game, because only the strongest can catch up with the sacks. Jon realizes that getting survivors to get relief and distribute them fairly are two different things.

All this is Candi's idea. We must do something, she exclaimed, on the day the news of the hurricane broke out. She and her good friends and neighbors Runi and Viquar Choudhury are in their unfinished house in the Gulshan neighbourhood of Dhaka.

Viqua’s income as a public defender is nothing to brag about, but their home is full of art, conversation, and friends. Runi and her sister Putul were immediately on board. Rooney said to Candi, you and Putu go to Chittagong. I will call our friend Fazle Abed. I believe you can stay there with him.

Jon was skeptical at first. He pointed out that disaster relief requires a lot of resources. What can she accomplish? He reminded her that I still have work to do in the cholera hospital; I can't leave everything behind and go to Chittagong.

Jon of the Cholera Research Laboratory (CRL) and others are promoting a cholera intervention that has the potential to save tens of millions of lives worldwide. The solution will be called orsaline, and CRL will eventually be called ICDDR,b. We can help a village, Candi insists that this can inspire others. In addition, she pointed out that someone must do something.

By the middle of the week after the hurricane, the Pakistani government still claimed that the death toll was 40,000, but media estimates of the death toll have soared to hundreds of thousands.

He can wait for his job in the hospital. Jon grabbed a 9-horsepower engine from the CRL supply depot and sat in the seat next to his wife on the flight to Chittagong. When the government downplayed the scale of the disaster, Candi thought to himself that they would only delay an appropriate response.

Earlier this week, Candy and Putul had opened a shop in their home in Fazle Abed, Chittagong. The tastefully decorated company residence was turned into a temporary assembly base overnight for temporary disaster relief operations.

Candi’s energy and enthusiasm infected the young Shell oil executive, and soon he called the local Lions club and Rotary club and his company manager. Two aluminum boats were soon delivered from the Shell supply station of the Caputia Dam. A lighter boat is needed to reach some characters.

On Friday morning, Candy watched their first batch of relief supplies being loaded from Chittagong to Hatiya Island, one of the larger disaster-stricken islands 50 miles from the mouth of the Meghna River.

Rice, fuel, pots and pans, matches, sarees and Longjib were purchased with funds raised by their friends in Dhaka and the Lions and Rotary Clubs in Chittagong.

One week after the hurricane, their cargo was the only relief material visible.

They need a way to deliver more relief supplies more efficiently. Back at Abed's house, Candy and Putul came up with a plan. With Noel's cooperation, they can airdrop supplies to those characters, especially those characters that are difficult to reach by boat.

With air support, their rescue operations will expand exponentially. But they need a way for the volunteers on the scene to communicate with Noel. They need signal flags.

The next day, Candy and Putul tore off the white sheets and red saree. They need a big flag to mark the airdrop area and use the flag to tell Noel what to bring in the next attack.

They cut the saree into red letters. W stands for water, M, MB, MO, and MP stand for various medical supplies, C stands for clothes, F stands for food, FO stands for cooked food, G stands for glucose, and S stands for salt. Candy and Putul worked feverishly, stitching into the night. The first thing Jon and his team of volunteers do in the morning is to leave to find a role. 

The first report was returned to the U.S. Consulate in Dhaka after a U.S. helicopter flew over and landed on Bora Island. Houses and structures made of concrete survived the hurricane, but there are few other than that.

There are no signs of cholera or typhoid outbreaks. Contrary to expectations, few survivors were injured. But as many as half of the population in some villages have died. 

On the day of the incident, the No. 10 danger signal was announced on the radio.

American pilots reported seeing dead bodies of men, women, children and livestock scattered on beaches and coastlines. An army colonel reported that the damage was more serious than he had seen in four years of fighting in Vietnam.

For survivors, what is urgently needed is food, especially food that can be eaten quickly. All rice crops within two miles of the coast were destroyed. Further inland, some crops survived, and the survivors managed to save some rice. But most people starved to death.

Food is available, piled up in warehouses in Dhaka and elsewhere. But how to deliver it to the survivors? The Pakistani military can do it, as they did after the hurricane in 1960. But they are nowhere to be found. State media reported that the Pakistani army is repairing the road in Bora. The U.S. reconnaissance mission found no trace of these forces anywhere.

The civil administration seems to have only a vague understanding of the situation. Relief Commissioner Anisuzaman first asked for funds for blankets, warm clothing, tents, wheat and construction materials.

Now he is calling the field hospital. But hungry people need food, not building materials or hospitals. The Pakistani authorities did not conduct on-site inspections to make a decision and can only rely on guesswork.

At this moment, the Dhaka airport is already crowded with soldiers in multinational military uniforms. But few people wear the uniforms of the Pakistani army. Locals noticed that Pakistani army soldiers were weeding and watering plants in the barracks.

Where is the President of Pakistan? Or any Pakistani government minister, for that matter? There are no traces of them anywhere in East Pakistan.

This disaster has caused as many as 500,000 deaths in East Pakistan. Nine days have passed since then. The Pakistani government and its military are also missing.

As the coastline of Hatia Island slowly disappeared behind him, Jon realized that this might not be a good idea. They sailed on the high seas without navigation, in a 12-foot long aluminum boat equipped with a 9-horsepower engine. During the hurricane season.

All those weekends that Jon spent on the boat will definitely be useful now. He is not sure how his two crew members, Dr. Viquar and Mahmoud, feel about this situation, but if the tension on their faces and shoulders can be resolved, then their thoughts are similar.

They had met Dr. Mahmoud the day before. He and his engineering student team have just returned to Khatia Island from a devastated place in the west of Khatia. The students told Jon that no one was there to help them. He turned to the good professor: Can you take us to this island tomorrow morning?

They chose the direct route to Manpula Island, risking mudflats and shallows. The country boats loaded with relief supplies are sailing through safer passages and through deeper waterways.

On the motor boat towing the village boat, there were other volunteers that Jon and Candy convened in Dhaka: Al, Richard, Geoffrey and Asheque from CRL, Steve from the Ford Foundation and their friend Zakaria.

Like other characters, Mampula is located a few inches above sea level. Jon barely noticed it and was attacked by the smell. The rotten body and the rotten flesh exude a foul smell.

With so many corpses scattered on the beach, it is difficult to find a landing site without hitting the remains of other swollen and disfigured island residents. No sound came from the shore. Is anyone alive?

They don't have to wait too long for the survivors to appear. Silent, confused, not sure if I believe someone will come to help them.

They survived by leaning on the tops of palm trees, enough time for the storm surge to subside. Their clothes hung from their thin bodies, and their chests, arms and thighs were soaked with bark.

They are young and strong men. Not an old man, not a woman, not a child.

As soon as the village boat arrived, the news spread throughout the island. More survivors drenched appeared, some of them exhausted their last energy reserves.

Jon and the rescue team lined them up and distributed food and supplies for the rest of the day and treated palm tree burns. 

Within four hours, they cared for 1,400 survivors. All but four are men. Only one is a child. 

All rice crops have been destroyed. Only some bamboo, thatch, and corrugated tin paper hung dingy on palm trees are left in their home. They learned that the only buildings on the island that are still standing are the school building and a concrete house.

The survivors survived 11 days by drinking contaminated water, eating rice grabbed from the mud, and occasionally coconuts. When the hunger became unbearable, they began to gnaw on the roots of the banana tree.

At the end of the day, the volunteers cooked their own stew and rice. Jon hasn't eaten anything since five o'clock in the morning. But he can't eat. Overwhelmed by the smell of decomposing corpses, he feels nauseous at the thought of eating.

He strolled along the beach. Two naked little boys clutched their father tightly. How did they survive? He put a pot of food in front of them. The children did not move. Go, eat, Jon said. They stared at him, their eyes dull and terrified. What are they afraid of? Why don't they eat?

Their father explained that they hadn’t eaten for eleven days, sir. They couldn't believe that this kind of food was prepared for them. He coaxed his two sons to put their scrawny fingers into the bowl. The children started to eat, frantically.

This is a long day. The hardest day of his life. Jon lay on the deserted beach, beside the unintelligible suffering of the survivors, beside the rotting human and animal carcasses, shrouded in the stench of death, under the dark blue night sky of the bay, gleaming with the light of stars Through heaven. He closed his eyes and started to cry. 

Two weeks after the hurricane, helicopters were everywhere over Bangladesh. As of November 20th, 12 American helicopters had been put into service, with helicopters from Britain, Germany and France also joining them.

14 Bell UH-1H ("Huey") helicopters were disassembled and loaded onto C-130 at Pope Air Force Base in North Carolina, unloaded and reassembled in Dhaka, and then flown to their transit in Begamganj, Noakali base.

The Huey family is well known from night television news footage of the ongoing Vietnam War and is the main force of the US military, capable of transporting 4,000 pounds of cargo to 285 miles without refueling. The US delegation to Nepal sent two smaller helicopters.

16 helicopters from the US Army’s 182nd Aviation Company, as well as crews, ground vehicles, and rescuers, formed Task Force 182, commanded by US Air Force Colonel Charles Parsons.

At the US military base in southern Vietnam, the US Army’s 314th Tactical Airlift Wing loaded the C-130 transport aircraft with medical supplies, rations, lanterns, tarpaulins, generators, radios, trucks, trailers, and other materials and equipment. By December 13, the Airlift Wing will deliver 17 tons of equipment and supplies to Dhaka. Parsons and his Task Force 182 pilots will fly back and forth between Begamganj and the disaster area, and will distribute 1 million pounds to Dhaka. Food and other supplements. Hurricane survivor.

The people of Bangladesh expressed gratitude to the United States for its humanitarian efforts. But the more they saw the efforts of Americans and other governments to help survivors, the more they aroused their anger towards their own government.

A ship was submerged in the water halfway through Cyclone Bhola. Courtesy: Dr. Alfred Sommer

On November 26, two weeks after the hurricane, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman returned to Dhaka from the disaster area. At the packed press conference, he thanked the foreign countries who came to assist.

But he went on to say that such help and support will only highlight the criminal negligence of the Pakistani government. Sheikh Mujib went on to say that a government committed cold-blooded murder in response to the disaster.

He ended with a warning: If the election is postponed again, East Pakistan will leave the alliance.

Three days ago, at a rally in Dhaka, the leader of the National People’s Party, Maulana Bashani, called on Yahya to resign. This is the first time I have heard a major political figure in East Pakistan say such things, at least in public.

Bashani does not have a large following or influence of Sheikh Mujib, but he has the pulse of the Bangladeshi public. The political situation has become explosive.

Ye Haiya hurried to East Pakistan. He announced at a press conference that the election will proceed as planned on December 7.

He said that there may be some delays in the affected areas, but I have no doubt that they will be carried out in all other polls. He turned his attention to the government's disaster response. I know people criticize our response to the hurricane; he admits that this is an emotional situation.

He defended his decision to stay in Islamabad. He explained that in such a large-scale disaster, it takes time to carry out operations. And the place to do this is in the seat of the government. You can't run around like a madman. He concluded that my government has done its best for the survivors, but some people write sensational stories to seek human suffering. Look, the whirlwind is coming and people are dead. It's not my fault.

Nearly 40 helicopters from the United Kingdom, France, Germany, the Soviet Union, Saudi Arabia and the United States shuttled back and forth between their assembly bases and destroyed coastal communities during the country’s long-term voting. Waiting for the national election. 

Voting for nine seats in the disaster area was postponed until next month, but all other polling stations were opened on election day as planned.

Pakistan has never had so many people participating in elections. For the first time in the country’s history, all adults, including women, can vote in general elections. Few incidents have been reported. In all respects, this election is free and fair.

The regime is very confident. With so many parties participating in the elections, they expect the vote to be scattered. Since no party has a majority in the National Assembly, it is unlikely to reach agreement on a new constitution.

In any case, the regime’s legal framework for elections gave the general the power to veto any new constitution and any new legislature. Whoever is in charge of the civilian government will only make the army happy.

A few days before the election, Hillary visited East Pakistan to watch the hurricane relief work. He took the opportunity to assign some wisdom to Archer Blood.

Are you a Muslim, Mr. Blood? Blood admits that he is indeed not a Muslim. Do you know what Muslims think? Blood gave a negative answer again.

So let me explain, Hillary continues his topic. The Muslims in the village followed the orders of the local religious leaders. What they will be told is to vote for the Muslim League political parties, as well as political parties loyal to the government. Do you think people there will listen to some college students from the Awami League? He concluded that they would do as they ordered.

More than a month later, after the voting for nine seats in the disaster area is over, the final statistics will come out. Among the 162 seats in the National Assembly contested by East Pakistan, the Awami League won 160 seats. The Muslim League and other parties loyal to the regime won a seat.

Cyclone Bora provided an opportunity for the military government to unite divided nations. The regime has unequivocally abandoned it. In doing so, they had crossed the Rubicon. Nothing is the same.

Ten days after the hurricane, my soldiers and I were sent to the disaster area. Major Rafikl Islam of the East Pakistan Rifle Team will remember it many years later. We couldn't believe what we saw. At that time, my men and I realized that we could not stay together as one country. Only then did we realize how much they hate us. 

In the Bay of Bengal, November may be the cruelest month.

Rezwan Hussain is a writer and researcher in Dhaka. He teaches at ULAB.

Copyright Ⓒ 2012-2019. 2A Media Co., Ltd. all rights reserved.

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